Formulas Used:
- • Thinking Distance = v × t
- • Braking Distance = v² / (2μg)
- • 3-Second Rule = v × 3
v = speed (m/s), t = reaction time (s), μ = friction coefficient, g = 9.81 m/s²
References:
1. Traffic Engineering, Roess, Prassas & McShane.
2. AASHTO Green Book (Stopping Sight Distance guidelines).
3. U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Safety Data.